Review Questions Essay

What are some factors (patterns of behavior) that project a company’s culture? List several examples from organizations you work in. The factors that are most important in the creation of an organization’s culture include founders’ values, preferences, and industry demands. A company’s culture, particularly during its early years, is inevitably tied to the personality, background, and values of its founder or founders, as well as their vision for the future of the organization. It is shaped in the early days of a company’s history. When entrepreneurs establish their own businesses, the way they want to do business determines the organization’s rules, the structure set-up in the company, and the people they hire to work with them. While founders undoubtedly exert a powerful influence over corporate cultures, the industry characteristics also play a role. Industry characteristics and demands act as a force to create similarities among organizational cultures. For example, despite some differences, many companies in the insurance and banking industries are stable and rule oriented, many companies in the high-tech industry have innovative cultures, and companies in the nonprofit industry tend to be people oriented. 3. What are three major elements that complicate listening? Give customer-service related examples of each. The three elements that complicate listening comprise the internal, environmental and interactional elements. To start with, internal elements involve the use of words at a level that the hearer can hear, and the most importantly, can understand. Talking loudly and nonsensely or meaninglessly can totally deviate your customers from doing business with your company. The customer services on the phone can result in such scenario if the voice of the customer rep is too low or too loud, or the line is not clear or s/he uses very technical words that the receiver cannot understand. Secondly, the environmental factors â€Å"which determine what we are able to listen to and what we cannot. These factors can impact our individual ability to listen and our organization’s listening capacity, as well. These factors include:   Our individual listening capacity, the presence of noise, and the use or misuse of gatekeepers. † (Timm, Paul, Pg. 43) â€Å"In contrast to the environmental elements of the listening process, the interactional elements concern internal psychological processes that are not as easily identified. Two such psychological elements deserve careful consideration: self-centeredness and self-protection.

Building a Successful Corporation

A preliminary, albeit cursory review of literature on the topic of corporate success indicates that it is a vital element in the process of bringing about a vibrant economy and improved standard of living (Kay, 1995). With this understanding in mind, the researcher arrived at the conclusion that the topic of building a successful corporation merits further research from several different points of view; therefore, this proposal is presented in the interest of additional research.THE PROBLEM The researcher will conduct this study and write the subsequent thesis in order to adequately define and understand the process of building a successful corporation. Indeed, successful corporations are the backbone of the international economy, and add endless value to the human experience; therefore, it is both timely and valuable to better understand how and why successful corporations are created.THE METHOD The researcher will utilize an extensive variety of written works on the subject of outs ourcing as research material, in addition to Internet research and interviews with individuals knowledgeable in the subject matter. Information derived from these sources will be interpreted and presented along with relevant charts, tables and graphs to employ a thorough research method. THE FINDINGSThe researcher will present findings in a sufficiently technical, yet easily interpreted format, designed to allow the thesis to be utilized as a strategic planning tool for other firms. The findings will be presented with thorough documentation and explanation within the text of the thesis. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of the study is to define what constitutes a successful corporation, examine the case studies of successful corporations within that definition, and provide an overall stronger understanding of this topic.IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY This research is relevant and important because successful corporations are valuable not only to the United States, but to every nation that prides itself on offering people the opportunity to earn a fair wage for their labors; a wage that allows for a comfortable standard of living and the chance to obtain comfortable housing, quality medical care, and all of the other trappings that allow for prosperity and well-being.Undoubtedly, the business community needs to fully understand what success will mean for a corporation, as well as some of the best practices that other firms have used to gain success. OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY The study will center on a balanced analysis of the issue of corporate success to determine if it provides an immediate contribution to the economic, social, and moral prosperity of the United States, or perhaps it is just a step in the evolution of the American economy that will lead to economic growth and prosperity in the long term.The analysis of this phenomenon, by its very nature, will lead the researcher to analyze from a myriad of viewpoints; undoubtedly, there is a political element to the to pic, as well as a â€Å"trickle-down† effect that manifests itself in the buying decisions of individual consumers, businesses and industries. By viewing the topic one of human as well as business interest, a unique perspective will be achieved, adding to the breadth and validity of the research. Bibliography Kay, J. A. (1995). Foundations of Corporate Success: How Business Strategies Add Value. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Economic freedom Essay

Does economic freedom help explain why the standard of living improves in some countries and declines in others? First of all we have to understand, what economic freedom is? Economic freedom according to William W. Beach and Tim Kane, PhD. â€Å" Economic freedom is that part of freedom that is concerned with the material autonomy of the individual in relation to the state and other organized groups. An individual is economically free who can fully control his or her labor and property.† (Taken from 2007 Index of economic freedom chapter no.3 by William W. Beach and Tim Kane, PhD). Or in simple words we can also say that everybody in his or her own country is said to be economically free, if their respective government protects their rights in every possible way and without any constraint. i.e. if an individual wants to learn anything, to do any kind of business or wants a job, then, he or she has a right to do that, while it is the responsibility of the government to make it convenient and possible for them. The first study of economic freedom was published in the year 1995, and it was improved over the years. There are about ten different types of economic freedoms, which are known as index of economic freedoms. The main purpose of defining these freedoms is to rank the countries in order to pave the way for foreign investment. Following is the list of ten economic freedoms: (taken from 2007 Index of economic freedom from chapter no.3 by William W Beach and Tim Kane, PhD). 1) Business freedom: To check the status of starting, operating and closing any business in how much time. 2) Trade freedom: To check the barriers and constraints in tariffs, import and export in the country. 3) Monetary freedom: To check the measure of price stability and how governments are controlling the prices, inflation etc. 4) Freedom from government: To check either state is providing public goods with minimum expenditure or not. 5) Fiscal freedom: To check the burden on the government with respect to revenue side. 6) Property rights: To check whether the public have keeping the private property rights, defined and secured by the laws, and are clearly defined by the government. 7) Investment freedom: To check whether the government deserves to have the foreign investment or not. 8) Financial freedom: To check the operation of financial institutions i.e. banking systems; are they out of government control or not. 9) Freedom from corruption: To check the status of corruption in the society, i.e. in the business system, judiciary, and administrative system in the country. 10) Labor freedom: To check the status of growth of labor and business either they are working without government interruption or not. (Taken from 2007 index of economic freedom from chapter no.3 by William W Beach and Tim Kane, PhD). Each one of the ten freedoms is measured on a 0-100 percent scale, 100 as the maximum freedom while 0 is the least or minimum freedom. The study of economic freedom was conducted on about 157 countries of the world. To show how it works, I choose two countries that are North Korea and South Korea. North Korea has a communist form of government and is ranked at no.157 in the index of 157 countries, its economy is 3% free. It has exports of $1.3 billion, it exports: minerals, metallurgical products, manufacturing (including armaments), textiles, fishery products etc. and imports of   $2.3 billion, it imports: petroleum, coking coal, machinery and equipment, textile grains etc. In communist form of government every asset in the country belongs to the state, therefore there is no business freedom i.e. 0 % (in 0-100 % scale) in N. Korea. Also government controls all the imports and exports so trade freedom i.e. 0 % is also nil. No data on income or corporate taxes is available so fiscal freedom i.e. 0 % is also zeroed. Also government owns all the property including businesses therefore freedom from government i.e. 0% is also nil. No publicly record of inflation data therefore monetary freedom i.e. 0% is also zero. Also no private financial sector, therefore financial freedom i.e. 0% is also nil. Wages and incentives are also controlled by government therefore labor freedom i.e. 0% is also nil, also corruption is heavily present in the country so corruption freedom i.e. 10% is also negligible, but there is some investment freedom i.e. 10%, after the opening of foreign investment zone in the far remote area of rajin sonberg where basic facilities are also not provided till date. The government does not cover property rights i.e. 10%, so they are also negligible.   (Taken from 2007 index of economic freedom from chapter no.5). While South Korea has democratic form of government and it is ranked at no.36 out of 157 in the index of economic freedom, and its economy is 68.6% free. S. Korea has export of $299.2 billion, it exports: semi conductors, wireless telecommunication, equipment, motor vehicles, computers, steel, ships and petrochemicals etc. It has imports of $269.8 billion, it imports: machinery, electronics, electronic equipment, oil, steel, transport, organic chemicals and plastics etc. As South Korea has democratic form of government, in that form, the government tries every possible effort to please its citizens, therefore starting, operating and closing the business in that country is relatively easy, there is a lot of business freedom i.e. 83.1% present in the country. S. Korea as compared to N. Korea has good trade freedom i.e. 64.2% present but there are some restrictions in its some activities like import, non-transparent regulations and standards etc. S. Korea has high income tax rate of about 38.5% and relatively low corporate tax of about 27.5%, so we can say that it has a good fiscal freedom i.e. 0-100 bracket it has about 81% free. After the foreign investment promotion act of Nov 1998 the government opens the doors to foreign investment in almost every sector except media, electric power and some agricultural sectors, and also residents and non residents can now holds foreign exchange accounts, so there is a lot of investment freedom i.e. about 70% free. The private property right i.e. 70% is secure by the government; corruption i.e. 50% is present at some extent in the country. The labor i.e. 57.7% market is working under restrictive employment regulations due to which employment and production growth rate is very low. Government interference in private sector is negligible, so freedom from government is 81.5%. The government regulates the prices in some sectors like agriculture, telecommunication and other utilities, which monetary freedom 79%, the government in retained some ownerships, second largest domestic bank is under them, which makes the financial freedom about 50% free. (Taken from 2007 index of economic freedom from chapter no.5).   In short economic freedom in South Korea is much superficial than North Korea, and it is mainly due to democratic and communism forms of governments, democratic people are enjoying the fruits of freedom while others do not.

What does Judith Butler mean by the social construction and Essay

What does Judith Butler mean by the social construction and performativity of both sex and gender - Essay Example Social construction designs the way in which interaction takes place. The concept of performativity provides for an understanding that roles of gender and sex are the product of acts that are repeated and ritualized in order to define what is meant by those terms. Even deviances from what are considered norms become socially constructed towards the identifiers of sex and gender. While Butler discusses these concepts under the umbrella of choices made, she clarifies later that what she means is while social construction of both sex and gender are created through the choices made, they are by no means voluntary choices. The compulsion to enact gender or sex through the acts that are considered non-conforming are also enacting gender and sex that has been designed by society. The development of ways in which to name different gender types, such as transgender and transvestitism provide ways in which to legitimize and understand how those enactments of gender and sex are a part of human existence. The following paper critically examines the concepts of social construction and performativity in order to understand what Butler means as she discusses gender and sex in these terms. Through looking at examples of human existence in order to understand her intentions, the foundational elements of her philosophy emerge. Post-modernism Post-modernism, according to O’Brien (2009, p. 368) is â€Å"the elimination of universal and dichotomous categorizations of, particularly, the identity and the recognition of co-existing social realities or truths, as well as knowledges and identities†. The post-modern concept of identifying the construction of society is based upon the idea that almost any part of social interaction is the result of the choices to continue to act in manners that replicate, even if evolve, the behaviors and ideas about the world in which human beings live. Under this type of thinking there is almost no absolute truth, but constructed truths th at define the individual, the roles within society, the manner in which those roles are acted, and the way in which the constructed reality becomes an interrelated set of norms that are undeniable and virtually unquestionable. Butler (1993) discusses how the term post-modern was ascribed to her rather than taking on the role of a post-modernist on her own. She seems to be concerned with the habit of the post-modernist to make sweeping generalizations when being critical about the state of the world. Butler (1993) writes of Charles Jenckes who described a temporal collapse, which for Butler signaled that there could be no postmodern because there was a void after the modern period. This collapse was a sign that there was no ontological foundation on which to build theory. Therefore, it is difficult to refer to Butler as a post-modernist, but at the same time many of her theories can be set into a post-modern framework Butler herself, however, does not see the concept of a post-modern framework. Hesse-Biber and Leavy, (2007, p. 86) write that Butler feels that post-modernism is a catch-all idea which has no boundaries to time or meaning. Where O’Brien (2009, p. 368) discusses post-modernism in terms of breaking down barriers to truth, Butler describes postmodernism as a non-existent and ill-defined concept in which whatever exceeded modernism was lumped in order to find a way to discuss that which came after modern thinking. However, where Butler seeks to

Your an army commander. what three areas would would determin if Essay

Your an army commander. what three areas would would determin if soldiers are worthy of reinlistment. of those three areas what would the standard be for all three - Essay Example These include the following: Soldiers must meet the army standard of physical fitness, which is a minimum of 180 and a maximum of 300. Being in the army requires one to be capable of handling the physical rigors that accompany that lone of work (Hamilton 31). I would place great emphasis on physical fitness because for one to â€Å"survive† in the army it is highly recommended that they possess the capability to keep up with conditions and remain agile and mobile throughout. If someone is not fit he/she should not be in the army. There is no definite standard when it comes to career advancement, provided one is willing and ready to learn new things. For me however, I would not consider anybody without a diploma for a position in the army. Nowadays, being a soldier is not enough. Soldiers are usually encouraged to start and build other careers through which they can grow personally and professionally. This is why in most armies there are soldiers who also serve as doctors, nurses, engineers and professional and important roles. It is not enough for one to be able to load a gun and shoot, or fight and kill. Intelligence must be demonstrated, and an ability to think logically and make decisions may save a lot of lives (Hamilton 35). If anybody wants to join the army he/she should be clear thinking and reasonable. As a commander, I would feel honored to have soldiers who are both intelligent and disciplined serving under me. As a result of this, I would not think twice about enlisting a young person who has a ye arning for knowledge and combat. This, too, has no definite standard, but potential recruits must demonstrate confidence in whatever they do. For example, it is important to remain calm, level-headed and reasonable when confronted with difficult situations. This calls for coming up with the best and most logical decisions when they

Evaluation and Opinion on Oligopoly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evaluation and Opinion on Oligopoly - Essay Example The new oligopoly is made up of multinational corporations that have chosen specific product or service categories to dominate. In each category, over time, only two to four major players prosper. Starting a new company in thatmarket segmentis difficult, and the few that do succeed are often gobbled up or run out of business by the oligopolies. (Oligopoly, 2006a) Strategic Interaction: when only a few firms operate in a market, they will soon recognize their interdependence. Strategic Interaction, which is genuinely a new feature of oligopoly, occurs when each firm's business plans depend upon the behavior of its rivals. Analyzation reveals that economists are particularly concerned about industries characterized by imperfect competition. One reason is that such industries behave in certain ways that are unfavorable to the public interest. For example imperfect competition generally leads to prices that are above marginal costs; this results in an inefficient allocation of resources. The result of such high prices leads oligopolistic industries towards supernormal profits. However in depth studies shows concentrated industries having only slight higher rates of profit than unconcentrated ones. (Nordhaus, 1998, p. 171) The distinguishing characteristic of oligopoly is the interdependence among firms in the industry. Since an oligopolist knows that its own actions will have a significant impact on the other oligopolists in the industry, each oligopolist must consider the possible reaction of competitors in deciding its pricing policies, the degree of product differentiation to introduce, the level of advertising to undertake, the amount of service to provide etc. Since competitors can react in many ways, therefore we possess several oligopoly models based on the particular behavioral response of competitors to the actions of the first. Because of this interdependence, managerial decision-making is much more complex under oligopoly than under other forms of market structure. (Salvatore, 2001, p. 427) The following are the sources of oligopoly, which represent the barriers to other firms entering in the market in the long run: Economies of scale may operate over a sufficiently large range of outputs as to leave only a few firms supplying the entire market. Huge capital investments and supplying inputs are usually required to enter an oligopolistic industry and this acts as an important natural barrier to entry. A few firms may own a patent for the exclusive right to produce a commodity or to use a particular production process. Established firms may have a loyal following of customers based on product quality and service that new firms would find very difficult to match. A few firms may own or control the entire supply of a raw material required in the production of a product. A

Cuban culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cuban culture - Essay Example Hernandez has your full attention could breed a form of distrust. To best show Mrs. Hernandez that her concerns are being addressed, appropriate interjections while she is talking to show that you are paying attention, but waiting to provide a more full response until she is complete should be sufficient. Through this manner, you are showing that you are practicing effective communication skills, offering information showing that you are familiar with the culture by the brief touches that handshakes afford, but still maintaining a professional distance by not attempting to become overly familiar with her, for in her eyes, you would be associated with the government, due to the messages that the government has been touting for over half a century. In order to assist Mrs. Hernandez in developing a plan for a 1500 calorie diet, instead of changing the way that she cooks food – plantains taste exceedingly different if they are fried versus when they are grilled, perhaps the better alternative would be to offer her alternative styles of Cuban foods that would fit into a 1500 calorie diet plan, such as Cuban Stuffed Pork Tenderloin, which has 160 calories per serving (Spark Recipes, 2013), or Cuban Garbanzo Bean Salad at 320.4 calories per serving (Spark Recipes, 2013). To assist her in getting on the path to regular exercise, the ideas of walking to the grocery store and carrying her purchases back herself is one good example of how she can increase her daily activity level, as is gardening, but showing her that every activity is a form of exercise may make her more active. Explaining that everything from vacuuming to house work, yard work to cooking can be a form of exercise should prompt her to be more active, and explaining how things that may seem like they are not exercise, such as kneading bread, offer therapeutic ways to increase activity levels to a healthy level should prompt her to become more active overall. I agree with your statement that I would not encourage Mrs. Hernandez to go to the botanica; however, I would not stop her either. It is a part of not just Cuban culture, but many other cultures that has its first inclination to look for an herbal alternative before it looks for a medical alternative. I believe that you are on the correct path, as well, in asking her that if she does so, to bring the items she purchases to you, as the herbs that she purchases may have an adverse effect on the medications that have been prescribed, as in the case of willow bark being taken at the same time a person is on an aspirin regimen. Due to the proliferation of complementary and alternative medicines in Cuban culture, the Institute of Medicine’s Academy of Science went so far as to suggest schools incorporate information on these alternative practices and folk remedies into their teachings in order to ensure that the treating physician, nurse, or pharmacist had ideas already in place about the potential alternative medicines that patients such as Mrs. Hernandez might use (Applebaum, Kligler, Barrett, Frenkel, Guerrera, Kondwani, Lee & Tattelman, 2006). Works Cited

Discussion board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Discussion board - Essay Example Factors such as socio-emotional, cultural, personality, family background and learning environment are some of those that can largely change a learner’s attitude towards education. A study done in South Australia as reported by Hattie, indicated that learning is much more pleasurable when the social upbringing of a child is effective and enriched such that values, social skills, confidence and self-esteem among other are built early enough through right healthy nurturing. As the school system emphasizes the spirit of responsibility, the family socialization puts a strong foundation to it such that when these children go to school these virtues automatically synchronize without much struggle. It is worth pointing out that humans need to be reinforced to make most of the moves in the real world contrary to Willingham’s conception that they are naturally predisposed to automatic functioning. It is my stance that not all learners hate school or that they undergo through the process through coercion. It is, however, notable that owing to above-mentioned factors, a child may develop hatred for education. Scientific research has proved that to hold that all students hate school is a flawed premise as there are clear

Are Sweatshops an Inhumane Business Practice Essay

Are Sweatshops an Inhumane Business Practice - Essay Example The no side claims that they believe coercion exists in these types of workplaces, but working overtime is not a form of intimidation disproving Arnold and Bowie’s claim that it is (Sollars & Englander, 2007, p. 317). For each claim Arnold and Bowie makes towards sweatshops being inhumane, Sollars and Englander present valid counterarguments for minimum health and safety standards and upholding local labor laws. The claim these men make comes down to the right of the individual companies to set their own standards based on their companies mission rather than forcing all companies to uphold an unattainable standard. 2. This issue receives a lot of debate for a reason; there is no clear answer as to the manner of removing the negative characteristics, which make the workplace a sweatshop. Sollars and Englander make that point often in their response, there are many complex issues involved in these workplaces. In fact, the argument of Arnold and Bowie appears naive at times with its basis on respect and dignity without considerations to all the factors that hinder the changes from occurring. There are many issues to address in setting wages in another country that require consideration and not all of them deal with trying to purposely pay too little for too much work. Placing respect as the main reason for setting higher wages is not something possible in all cases and placing an imperative order on all MNE to pay more out of respect fails to address these issues. The first and most important factor is the costs the consumers are willing to pay for the products from the sweatshops. Yes, there are companies such as NIKE where the costs the consumers pay, considered... This issue receives a lot of debate for a reason; there is no clear answer as to the manner of removing the negative characteristics, which make the workplace a sweatshop. Sollars and Englander make that point often in their response, there are many complex issues involved in these workplaces. In fact, the argument of Arnold and Bowie appears naà ¯ve at times with its basis on respect and dignity without considerations to all the factors that hinder the changes from occurring. There are many issues to address in setting wages in another country that require consideration and not all of them deal with trying to purposely pay too little for too much work. Placing respect as the main reason for setting higher wages is not something possible in all cases and placing an imperative order on all MNE to pay more out of respect fails to address these issues. The first and most important factor is the costs the consumers are willing to pay for the products from the sweatshops. Yes, there are companies such as NIKE where the costs the consumers pay, considered very high compared to another brand found in a local discount store. Customers are willing to pay for the name recognition. However, NIKE addressed this issue of sweatshops but not out of respect or a desire to give their workers in these sweatshops a sense of dignity. The public outcry was enough to force them to adjust their manner of doing business.

Tourism Service Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tourism Service Marketing - Essay Example These organizations are keen to embrace new technology and trends that are relevant in the market (Gordon, 1999). In this case, consumers also dictate the pricing of the goods and services. Schneider (1980) points out customers are given the first priority and dictate almost all strategies implemented in this organizations. Both support and critics have been provided for this marketing strategy. In an argument by Gordon (1999) relationship marketing strategy is e most significant strategy that would ensure an organization has a greater competitive advantage. The author defines competitive advantage as the ability of an organization to be preferable than its competitors in terms of consumer selection (Gordon, 1999). To ensure consumer selection an organization should ensure the competitors are first priority when implementing marketing and production strategies. Christopher, Payne & Ballantyne (1991) point out that this can only achieve with the relationship marketing strategy. The sa me argument is supported by Gordon (1999) who points that competitive advantage achieved through relationship marketing strategy is effective enough than any other form. The author compares relationship marketing strategy to the profit and sales oriented marketing strategy (Fielding, 2006). ... For this reason, the relationship marketing strategy is more effective is achieving competitive advantage that the profit oriented marketing strategy. In analyzing the advantages of the relationship strategy, Turner (2003) argues that the strategy captures the attention of a wide market range hence ensures sufficient income from their production of goods and services. Additionally, the strategy ensures that an organization retains a significant level of competitive advantage. Worthington & Britton (2009) also point out that the strategy makes it easier and possible for an organization to expand its market area and still be assured of a good market reception. However, Gordon (2009) points out that this strategy has negative influence in the profit retention and sales pushing of an organization. The author indicates that the profit retention marketing strategy incorporates all strategies possible to push sales (Gordon, 2009). With this strategy, an organization ensures that the target profit and sales level is ensured. With the achievement of extra profit and sales, an organization is in the best position to retain a significant competitive advantage. Turner (2003) also argues that an effective advantage is based on the internal success of an organization rather than its marketing abilities. In analyzing the marketing strategy of Costa Coffee, the organization uses relationship marketing strategy (Fielding, 2006). Since its creation in the United Kingdom the organization has been successful across Europe and the some parts of Africa (Worthington & Britton, 2009). As a hotel organization the organization focuses on effective pricing, hospitality and service provision, quality production of goods and

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Case Study - Essay Example Basement and much of first floor occupying the administrative office, emergency room, operations, and cafeteria were flooded to about six feet. When we inspected the premises to put up a temporary office along with surgical suites and clinical laboratory on the second floor, which was not affected by flood water, we noticed heaps of trash and debris. The task I was assigned, to guide Incident Commander on the safe entry, cleanup procedure, appropriate PPE for all recovery works, and hazard assessment for the most critical items or operations that can cause acute or chronic health effects, illness or disease, was most challenging. We recognized that without organizational skills and knowledge of time tested processes we will achieve little with manpower, massive resources, and technical expertise. Only through a definite written plan, adequate training and basic safety knowledge of the workers engaged in cleaning, and a centralized control and coordination such a herculian activity could be materialized. To achieve the goal, following broad overview of the duties and recommendations has been chartered, according to priority, and submitted to the Incident Commander: â€Å"Industrial hygienists recognize that engineering, work practice, and administrative controls are the primary means of reducing employee exposure to occupational hazards. Engineering controls minimize employee exposure by either reducing or removing the hazard at the source or isolating the worker from the hazards.† (NOSH interim recommendations for the cleaning and remediation of flood-contaminated HVAC system: A guide for building owner and managers, 2004). Being a hospital, the main Industrial Hygiene concerns for our team and the clean-up recovery workers were exposure to skin and respiratory disorders. It is possible that during flooding the systems for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) could

Erik Eriksons 8 Stages of Man Essay Example for Free

Erik Eriksons 8 Stages of Man Essay 1. Trust vs. Mistrust- This mother displays affection, and adequate care giving to her child. By providing a child with this throughout their first year of life, you show that they can depend on you. This forms a bond of trust between mother and infant, rather than mistrust. 2. Autonomy vs. Doubt- This child is three years old; he has progressed from diapers to the adult sized toilet. After going to the bathroom, he knows he must wash his hands. His mother sees that he wants to do it himself, but is slightly frustrated that he is not tall enough. This mother could just pick him up and assist him, making him feel like he couldn’t do it. She buys him a small step stool, and supervises him washing his hands also providing positive reinforcement. 3. Initiative vs. Guilt- This set of parents notice that their five year old boy greatly enjoys wrestling with his older brothers. They sign him up for karate lessons so he can enjoy himself, but do it in a safe way. 4. Industry vs. Inferiority- A mother is sewing inside her living room. The mother tells her ten year old daughter she is making a scarf. The phone rings, and the mother answers and leaves the room. Her daughter, wanting to be just like mommy, cut up the curtains to make her mother a dress. Her mother re-enters the room, smiling and thanking her daughter for picking such a pretty fabric for her dress. The mother continued to help her make the dress. 5. Identity vs. Identity Confusion- This seventeen year old girl has had a very good life. Her parents have always been supportive in everything she has done. Now that she has reached her adolescence, she believes she might know who she is. Throughout her life, she has taken dance lesson, art class, done musical theatre, painting, singing lessons and many other things in the artistic field. She feels her true passion in life is for art and painting, and she may want to pursue a career in that field. 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation- Now that this woman has reached adulthood, she wants to begin searching for a lifetime partner. She meets a nice man in the mall, though he doesn’t call her for two weeks she doesn’t get discouraged. They go on many dates, become a couple and eventually after two years of dating decide to get married. 7. Generatively vs. Stagnation- After getting married, a man and a woman discuss what they plan to do with their lives. They decide he will continue working, and they want to have a child. She does not want to stay at home forever though, so they agreed that when the time is right she would get a part time job. 8. Integrity vs. Despair- A man is in his late sixties, and gets called an â€Å"old man† for the first time. He realizes that he wasted his whole life working and not enjoying himself, he wants to feel young again. He sells his house in New York and moves to Florida. He finds himself a young girlfriend, and parties like he’s in his twenties again.

Review and Comparison of Different Software Quality Models

Review and Comparison of Different Software Quality Models Muhammad Qasim Riaz1 and Zeeshan Asif2 1,2Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Abstract Software quality models are one of the best means for the support of software quality management system. Since more than 30 years, several quality models have been offered and used with fluctuating mark of success. To be particular, with the idea of defining the multidimensional content of software quality management system a variety of qualitative models have been presented by which different aspects of this topic have been tried to be investigated properly. By investigating the trends and evolution of software quality models and identifying differences in the approaches and judgment outcomes, the results indicate significant progress in the development of software quality models. Many definitions and models of software quality are studied and a competitive conclusion is drawn. It carries on with a review of the quality models and comparison between them. Introduction The main aspects of the quality at which every software engineer should focus himself are reviewed and compared [4] in this paper. Now a days, in modern age of technology large firms and companies spend millions and billions of dollars at the IT projects to get precise and efficient software services. Our first point is, what is meant by quality [1] in software products. What should we do to a software product to decide it as a quality product, simply a good product or name it as a failed product. Many papers have been published about the causes of project failure e.g. [8]. Several models and many success factors are presented for effective and precise management of projects to make up the quality of products [5]. This paper is taking a review by examining factors and points discussed in different models like Boehm, McCall and many others[9][8]. We also illustrates their impact on quality of the software product. Secondly, many models are presented by different researchers, organizations and scientists. Most of the scientists followed the basic models of software quality presented by the McCall, Boehm, and FURPS. On the basis of these models IEEE and ISO presented new models and also did many additions like ISO 9126. This paper emphasizes all these models of quality factors and explains a comparison between them. How to measure the quality of software and which scales are defined to measure it, are also mentioned in the paper. At the end, effect of quality at the cost and demand of software will also be discussed. We have reviewed and compared the following software quality models in this paper: McCalls software Quality Model Boehms software Quality Model FURPS software Quality Model IEEE software Quality Model ISO 9126 software Quality Model A quality model is mostly stated as a set of characteristics like document clarity, design trace-ability, integrity, program reliability, test integrity and relationships among them which truly provide the foundation for identifying the requirements of quality and calculating quality. It can be identified as defined set of properties that are required for a product to meet stated purposes. The advantage of quality model is determined by the decomposition of main objects like product, process or organization in the list of its properties and characteristics. It is applicable for forecasting, guaranteeing and authenticating the accomplishment of a well-defined goal. Quality Defined As the quality of any object/thing in universe can be defined as: The measure of standard of any object/thing against the other objects/things of same kind is known as the quality of that object/thing. OR It can also be defined as the degree of superiority or inferiority of something as compare to the other things of same type. For example the quality of a computer depends on the speed of the computer, reliability of the computer, consistency of the computer and many other factors like that. Similarly, the dictionary definitions of quality in computing largely concentrated on excellence and improvement in product International Standards(IS) professionals should focus. Quality according to ANSI Standard can be define as Quality is the sum of characteristics and features of a software product or a service that bears on its capacity to fulfill the given needs Quality according to IEEE Standard (IEEE Std. 729-1983) All the characteristics and features of a software product which stand on its capacity to fulfill the particular requirements [6]: for example, follow to conditions. The grade to which software keeps a wanted mixture of features. The mark at which a consumer observes that software meets his mutual outlooks. The multiple characteristics of software that define the unit according to which the software product in use will meet the hopes of the customer. General Kinds of the Models Now a days, most of the quality models are hierarchical models which are based on the basic principles of the quality and related metrics [7]. All of these models are classified on the basis of the means and ways according to which they have been generated. These are categorized into the following three types. The assumed model is based on the hypothesis relationships among variables used. The model based on data-driven by a statistical analysis of related matrix in model. This model is the mutual effect of hunches which are used to determine the simple type of the model and secondly the Data analysis used to formulate the constants of the model along with the variable values. Different Quality Models 4.1 McCalls Quality Model This was the first ever quality model presented by the Jim McCall in year 1977 which is also called General Electronic Model [8]. Before presenting this model there was no any authentic model to review or check the quality of the product. This model provides a set of the basic characteristics to measure the quality of product. Figure 1. McCalls quality model and all of its components Three major perceptions of the McCall model for declaring and recognizing the quality of the product are presented following: Product Operation: The degree of any product that how much quickly and easily it can be understood, it includes, reliability, correctness, efficiency, integrity and usability criteria. Product Revision: it covers the maintainability, testability, changeability, flexibility and debugging of the product. Product Transition: it deals with the adaptability with the environment, portability, reusability and interoperability of the product. 4.2Boehms Quality Model Boehms software quality model [9] offers more attributes and characteristics of product than McCalls quality model. It was presented by Barry W. Boehm in 1978. Boehms model is almost similar to the McCall Quality Model because it also presents a hierarchical quality model designed about high-level, intermediate level and primitive characteristics, each of them plays an important role in the overall quality level. All above stated levels represent the questions of buyer, the quality factor which can affect or represent the quality of product and offers the basis for describing qualities metrics. Figure 2. Boehms quality model and all of its components Almost both Boehms and McCalls models similar to some extent [10].The difference in these two models is that McCalls model mainly centers on the accurate measurement of the high-level characteristics As-is utility. On other hand Boehms quality model is dependent on a broader range of characteristics with a stretched and detailed emphasis on primarily maintainability. 4.3 FURPS Quality Model FURPS model was presented after the McCalls and Boehms model. It was firstly presented by Robert Grady and Hewlett Packard Co. the abbreviation of word FURPS stands for Functionality, Usability, Reliability, Performance and Supportability of the product under development [11]. Functionality: Functionality contains combination of characteristics, security, features and capabilities. Usability: This section covers the factors which affect usability of the product like Human Factors, Aesthetic, material of training and documentation of the user. Reliability: It ensures the reliability and integrity factors like Recovery to failures Time among failures, Frequency and severity of failures. Performance: Enforces conditions on practical necessities like speed, availability, efficiency, throughput, accuracy, resource usage, response time and recovery time. Supportability: This section contains the components like Extensibility, Adaptability, Maintainability, Compatibility, Configurability, Install ability, Serviceability and Localizability. Figure 3. FURPS quality model and all of its components 4.4 IEEE Quality Model Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) [12]. It is an international organization which also provided many standard models for the software product quality and maintenance. It presented, many standards of software quality assurance and verification/validation of the software product. The abstract figure of IEEE software quality models is given forward: Figure 4. IEEE quality model and all of its components This model illustrates several ways for the measurement of qualitative factors and reflects factors like Efficiency, Functionality, Maintainability, Portability, Reliability and Usability. Efficiency: It includes the characters like time and resources. Reliability: It contains the factors and the characteristics which are used to increase and maintain the maturity and reliability by fault tolerance and Recoverability. Functionality: It includes characteristics like accuracy, compatibility, completeness, security and interoperability. Supportability: It helps in maintaining the testability, extendibility and correctability. Portability: It makes the software portable by ensuring characteristics like hardware independency, software independency, adaptability, install-ability and reusability. Usability: It ensures the comprehensibility, communicativeness and ease of learning. 4.5 ISO 9126 Quality Model ISO 9126 [14] [13] is presented by the international standard organization. It is one of the most implemented and used quality model for maintaining the quality of the software product. This modern model is based at the previous models like McCall, Boehm, FURPS and many other old versions of the ISO like ISO 9000 and etc. Figure 5. ISO 9126 quality model and all of its components This version of ISO also takes account of functionality as parameter and include identification of both internal quality characteristics and external quality characteristics of the products. The characteristics new version of this model [15] contains are Efficiency, Maintainability, Functionality, Reliability, Portability and Usability. Efficiency: It contains the characters which affects the throughput in a given time and resources used. Reliability: It includes the Maturity, Fault Tolerance and Recoverability. Functionality: It contains many essential characteristics which are necessary for the proper functionality of the product like suitability, accurateness, interoperability, compliance and security. Maintainability: It helps in maintaining the changeability, stability and testability by using analyzability. Portability: It makes the software more dynamic and portable by ensuring characteristics like adaptability, install-ability, conformance and replaceability. Usability: It makes sour that the learnability and operability of the software product should be easy and simple. 5. Comparison of Models According to the above study and figures we did a comparison between all of the models to justify our competitive study. McCall Model: according to the reference [] and the figure 1 of McCall model we can observe it can say following characteristics are included in this model correctness, reliability, efficiency, integrity, usability, flexibility, maintainability, testability, portability, interpretability and reusability. Boehms Model: As shown in the above figure 2 and the literature the characteristics owned by the Boehms model [] are device independence, self-contentedness, understandability, modifiability, testability, human engineering, efficiency and reliability. FURPS Model: FURPS is the combination of functionality, usability, reliability, performance and supportability these are further classified into security, capabilities, availability, efficiency, throughput, accuracy, resource, response time, integrity, failures, human factors, documentation, extensibility, maintainability, compatibility, install ability and serviceability. All these characteristics are mentioned in reference no. . IEEE Model: As we mentioned above the IEEE model is consist of the external and internal characteristics like functionality, reliability, supportability, usability, efficiency and portability these external characteristics are sub divided into internal characteristics like time, resources, error tolerance, availability, completeness, accuracy, security, compatibility, interoperability, testability, correctability, hardware independence, software independence, installability, reusability, usability, comprehensibility, ease of learning, extensibility and communicativeness . ISO 9126 Model: ISO 9126 is the combination of all the models it includes all the best characteristics which are necessary for building up a satisfactory product. The main characteristics of the ISO model are functionality, reliability, maintainability, usability, efficiency and portability. The derived sub characteristics form those main characteristics are suitability, accurateness, interoperability, compliance, security, maturity, fault tolerance, recoverability, understandability, learnability, operability, time behaviour, resource behaviour, analyzability, changeability, stability, testability, adaptability, installability, conformance and replaceability. 6. Conclusion We have studied several types of software quality models which are different on the basis of their characteristics and methodologies. Really it was a great task and challenge for us to conclude which model is the best and which we should prefer to implement in developing a good software product. In this paper we have also made a comparison table (above) to understand the real differences in the models. This table also shows which features and characteristic a model contains or lacks. We have studied and compared the following models. McCalls Model: In McCalls quality model, the quality is mostly measured on the basis of judgment of the person(s) or the users by answering the questions given in a questioner. (Yes or no questions). Boehms Model: While Boehm concentrates on the levels based upon the characteristics of the product. FURPS: The FURPS quality model is made and stretched to be cast-off in the IBM Rational Software Company. So, it is a special-purpose quality model, which is presented, for the benefits and betterment of that company. IEEE: It is also a good model to implement. It uses different measurement ways and standards like software quality assurance to maintain the quality of the product. ISO 9126: The ISO 9126 quality model is the most useful model it has been figured on the basis of international agreements and accordance from all the countries which are members of the ISO organization. In result of the comparative study ISO 9126 is best model. But it depends at your software product and the organizations that which model is best for use. It is a satisfactory and successful completion we hope it help the new users to understand the quality models properly and easily. Quality Characteristics Models McCall Boehm FURPS IEEE ISO 9126 Stability Integrity Security Maturity Usability Accuracy Flexibility Efficiency Reliability Portability Testability Reusability Functionality Analyzability Modifiability Performance Install Ability Supportability Interpretability Maintainability Fault Tolerance Understandability Time Management Self-contentedness Availability Human Factors interoperability compliance Suitability Replaceability adaptability Device Independence References [1] Khomh, F., Haderer, N. and Antoniol, G. (2009). SQUAD: Software Quality Understanding through the Analysis of Design, Reverse Engineering, WCRE09, 16th working conference [2]Dubey, S.K., Gosh, S. and Rana, A. (2012). Comparison of Software Quality Models: An Analytical Approach. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, ISSN 2250-2459, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 111-119. [3]Robson, C. (2002). Real world research: a resource for social scientists and practitioner-researchers, Blackwell Publisher Ltd. [4]Sharma, K. and Sharma, K. (2013). Comparison of various software quality products, Proc. of the Intl. Conf. on Recent Trends in Computing and Communication Engineering, RTCCE 2013 [5]Sharma, A., Kumar, R. and Grover, P. S. (2008). Estimation of Quality for software components: an empirical approach, ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, 33(6), pp. 1-10 [6]IEEE STD 729. (1983). IEEE Standard Glossary of the Software Engineering Terminology [7] Pressman, R. S. (2012). Software Engineering a practitioners Approach 7th Edition. McGraw-Hill, Inc. [8]McCall J. A., Richards, P. K. and Walters, G. F. (1977). Factors in Software Quality, Vol. 1, 2 and 3, AD/A 049-014/015/055, National Tech. Information service, Springfield. [9] Boehm, B. W., Brown, J. R., and Lipow, M. (1976). Quantitative evaluation of software quality, International Conference on Software Engineering, Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Software Engineering (2nd):592-605. [10]Boehm, B. W., Brown, J. R. and Kaspar, J. R. (1978).Characteristics of software Quality, TRW Series of software Technology, Amsterdam, North Holland. [11]Ghezzi, Jazayeri, C. M. and Mandrioli, D. (1991). Fundamental of software Engineering, Prentice-Hall, NJ, USA. [12] IEEE (1993). Standard for Software Maintenance, Software Engineering Standards Subcommittee of the IEEE Computer Society. [13] ISO/IEC TR 9126-3. (2002). Software Engineering Product Quality. [14]ISO 9126. (2000)E. Standard ISO/IEC, Information technology- Software product quality Part1: Quality Model, ISO/IEC FDIS 9126-1: 2000(E) [15]ISO/ IEC 25030. (2006). Software Engineering: Software Product Quality Requirements and Evaluation (Square), Quality Requirements.

Pinpoint Colluding Attackers for Software-as-a-Service Cloud

Pinpoint Colluding Attackers for Software-as-a-Service Cloud Abstract- Software as a Service (SaaS) is a distribution model of software in which service provider or vendor develops applications and these are accessible by the customers over a network. SaaS clouds are vulnerable to malicious attacks because of their sharing nature. IntTest, service integrity attestation framework has been anticipated and it uses a novel integrated attestation graph analysis scheme to pinpoint attackers. But IntTest has still a limitation that attackers can still escape the detection if they have less inconsistency links than benign service providers. In this paper, we present Function Combination Generator along with the IntTest in order to detect the attackers more in number. Also, Result Auto Correction is provided to correct the incorrect results provided by the attackers. Our experimental results shows that our scheme is effective and can achieve higher accuracy in pinpointing the attackers more in number than the existing approaches. Index Terms- Cloud Computing, Integrity Attestation, Multitenant, SaaS, Function Combination Generator 1 INTRODUCTION Cloud computing depends on resource sharing over a network. Cloud computing mainly relies on improving the efficiency of shared resources. Cloud provides services like Software as a Service (SaaS), Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), and Platform as a Service (PaaS). This paper mainly deals with Software-as-a-service. Software as a Service depicts any cloud service where providers deploy their applications and consumers use those applications through a client interface such as web browser. Software as a Service and Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) [4] provides certain concepts for the evolution of Software as a Service clouds [1] (e.g., Amazon Web Service (AWS) [2] and Google App Engine [3]). SaaS clouds provide a way for application service providers (ASPs)[5], [6] to transport their applications through the huge cloud computing infrastructure [7]. Figure 1 shows the origin of Software as a Service deployed on either public, private or hybrid cloud and its relation with the end u ser. As ASPs from different security domains shares Cloud Computing infrastructures, they are vulnerable to attacks. As Cloud Computing attracts many providers due to its cost-effective concept, it has become very popular at recent. This paper concentrates on service integrity attacks on SaaS clouds. The user gets the bad results due to these integrity attacks when requested for a service. Figure 2 shows the integrity attacks in SaaS clouds. Multitenant architecture is one that is responsible for most of the SaaS cloud solutions. In the previous research, only privacy protection and confidentiality problems have been widely stated, but the service integrity attestation was not clearly addressed. Service integrity is one of the main problems that need to be solved despite whether the public or private clouds process the data. Various researchers have presented certain service integrity attestation schemes but the problem is that they require secure kernel or trusted hardware support. Because of these problems, Multitenant cloud computing does not carry those schemes. Later, Juan Du has proposed IntT est, an efficient framework for large scale cloud systems. A novel integrated attestation graph analysis scheme has been provided by the IntTest that detects the attackers more when compared to the existing schemes. But the problem here is that the attackers can still escape the detection if they have less inconsistency links than benign service providers. i.e., If only one order of service functions is given by the providers for a service, the attacker acts as genuine and colludes with other attackers and provides fake results. With this, all the inconsistent results caused by the attackers are not detected completely and the fake results are assumed as good one and provided to the users. With this, we can say that that IntTest cannot detect the colluding attackers. In this Paper, Function Combination Generator is provided for the IntTest to overcome the limitation. Function Combination Generator along with IntTest can attain more attacker identifying accuracy than existing schemes like Run Test and AdapTest. In particular, AdapTest and RunTest with the other conventional voting schemes wants to believe that benevolent service providers take bulk in every service function. Figure 1: Software-as-a Service To make the targeted service functions as malicious, several attackers may launch on colluding attacks in large scale multitenant cloud systems. In order to overcome this problem, IntTest with FCG adopts a systematic method by exploring the both consistency and inconsistency relationships between various service providers in the whole cloud system. The per-function consistency graphs and global inconsistency graphs have been validated by the IntTest. The attackers can be detected more effectively, it does not allow the attackers to escape as well as reduces the scope of damage caused by the attackers by using Function Combination Generator with IntTest. With the scalable IntTest along with Function Combination Generator, the burden provided with attestation can be reduced to an extent than any other schemes. This paper provides the below implementations: IntTest, an efficient and scalable service integrity attestation framework for broad cloud computing infrastructures. Function Combination Generator that generates different set of orders for a particular set of functions for the given service. Baseline and Integrated attestation schemes that attains more attackers pinpointing than the existing schemes. Result auto correction method that eventually replaces the fake results provided by the colluding attackers with the correct results. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the related work. Section 3 presents the proposed Work in detail. Section 4 presents the design. Finally, the paper concludes in section 5. Figure 2: Integrity attacks in cloud based data processing Where, Sn= different service components n= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} VM= Virtual Machines 2 RELATED WORK SaaS clouds are given with various integrity attestation schemes in recent years. The BIND scheme, TEAS, RunTest and AdapTest are some of the schemes but these in turn have some issues that are to be dealt with. Some of them want trusted hardware and support of secure kernel. BIND [10] (Binding Information and Data) is one that requires secure kernel or a third party support. To verify the service integrity for SaaS clouds, BIND exhibits the fine grained attestation framework. This BIND scheme follows these steps. 1) Attestation annotation mechanism. 2) Sandbox mechanism. 3) Verification of authenticator through hash. In order to address the service integrity attestation, Diffee-Hellman key has been used by the BIND scheme. TEAS [11] (Timed Executable Agent System) is another provided scheme that address the integrity for SaaS clouds. It uses Agent generation and verification algorithm. But the problem is that it is not scalable and does require trusted hardware. RunTest [8] has been proposed later with further corrections. RunTest, a scalable runtime integrity attestation framework attains the data flow processing integrity in cloud. It promotes light-weight application level attestation mechanism. With this, it identifies the attackers when inconsistent results are detected and also integrity of data processing results is examined. This RunTest gives the information on who are benign service providers and also the attackers’ stealthy behaviour. The disadvantage that RunTest has is its low performance. The AdapTest [9] is another existing scheme that presents a novel adaptive data driven runtime service integrity attestation framework to verify the service integrity in SaaS clouds. It reduces the detection delay and also the attestation overhead. It treats all the service components as black boxes so any special hardware support is not needed by the AdapTest. The disadvantage is that detection rate is low. So later, to overcome all th e limitations of the existing schemes, IntTest has been proposed. Any secure kernel or hardware support is not needed by IntTest as it also treats the components as black boxes. IntTest provides more detecting accuracy than above all the existing schemes. But still the IntTest has a limitation that attackers try to escape the detection by colluding with the other attackers. So, we proposed Function Combination Generator technique to be used with IntTest to overcome the limitation. With this Function Combination Generator with IntTest, there is no chance for the attackers to escape. 3 PROPOSED WORK Software as a Service clouds are evolved from the basic concepts of Software as a Service and Service Oriented Architecture. It provides a way for the application service providers to build their applications and transport them through cloud computing infrastructure. Here, we are proposing a new technique called Function Combination Generator for IntTest. To pinpoint all the colluding attackers is the main goal of IntTest with Function Combination Generator. And it should not make attackers to escape from detection. Various service providers are negotiated by a single attacker in multitenant cloud systems. Here, certain assumptions are made by the IntTest. First, in the entire cloud system the total number of benign service providers is greater than the malicious service providers. Without this assumption, the IntTest scheme does not work properly. Second, the data processing services are input deterministic. Whatever input is given by the benign service component, it should produce the similar output. Third, the hardware and software faults that grounds the result inconsistency are marked by fault detection schemes [12] and can be removed them as malicious attacks. Figure 3 depicts the overall architecture of our proposed work. The architecture flows like this. At first the user requests the cloud for a particular service, and that requested service is deployed in the cloud and promotes that request to SaaS. SaaS cloud process the request and generates the result to the cloud. Next, Function Combination Generator regulates different set of orders for service functions and then IntTest checks the consistency and inconsistency relationships and then identify the malicious attackers. Result autocorrection corrects the bad results produced by the attackers and stores the corrected data and finally corresponding good results are sent to the user. Figure 3: Architecture 4 DESIGN In this section we present the design of the proposed system. First, we present the Function Combination Generator. We then describe baseline and integrated attestation schemes and next, we present the result autocorrection scheme. 4.1 Function Combination Generator Service is one that consists of several components that in turn consists of different number of functions. Service may contain any number of functions like f1, f2, f3, f4 etc. When the SaaS cloud generates the service as per requested by the user, then the Function Combination Generator generates different set of patterns for the functions such as f1, f3, f2, f4 and f2, f3, f4, f1 and soon. By generating like this, there we can see that the attackers can’t escape from detection. Function Combination Generator is an efficient technique provided with the IntTest to detect the colluding attackers in large number. 4.2 Baseline Attestation Scheme IntTest is mainly used to detect the service integrity attack in SaaS clouds and also pinpoint malicious service providers. In Cloud Computing, several providers develop the same function as they are popular. Function Combination Generator after generating patterns sends the results to the IntTest. IntTest then obtains the consistency and inconsistency relationships among the different service providers for a particular set of service function generated. Figure 4 depicts the consistency check mechanism. As shown in the figure 4, the service providers are p1, p2 and p3. The same function f is developed by all the providers. Portal node is one that has global information like number of ASPs etc., It acts as a gateway to use the services. Provider p1 first receives the original data input p1 from the portal node and generates the result f(d1). Again provider p3 receives the duplicate of d1 and generates the result f(d1’). Next the relationship between the providers is derived. If both the providers generate the same result, they are said to be consistent with each other. If not they are inconsistent with each other, then we can say that one of them is malicious. Like this, we derive the relationships among various service providers. Figure 4: Consistency Check 4.3 Integrated Attestation Scheme Now, an integrated attestation graph analysis algorithm is given here. Step 1: Consistency analysis: Based on the consistency relationships derived by the Baseline attestation scheme, we derive per-function consistency graph as shown in figure 4(a).. With this, the distrustful service providers can be identified. The consistency graph presents certain consistency links among a set of service providers. Those service providers give same results for every specific service function. Like if service providers p1, p2 give consistent results for a function f1, they give the same consistent results for all functions like f2, f3, f4 and so on. The benign service providers who give consistent results for a particular function will form a clique in terms of consistency links. With this per-function consistency graph, we cannot clearly identify who the attacker is. So, we must also consider inconsistency graph too. Figure 4: Attestation Graphs Step 2: Inconsistency analysis: The global inconsistency graph as shown in figure 4(b) is derived from the inconsistency relationships drawn by Baseline attestation scheme. This graph contains only inconsistency links, there may involve various possible combinations of benign node set and malicious node set. Here, we have to believe that total number of malicious service providers is not greater than max number of malicious service. Function Combination Generator generated different set of patterns for a particular service. By generating like this, there is no chance for the attackers to escape as they give inconsistent results with all the patterns when consistency check is done. If any provider gives only incorrect results with all the patterns, we confirm that provider as a corrupted one. Like this, we will find the attackers more in number. 4.4 Result Auto Correction To regularly correct the bad results provided by the attackers, Result Autocorrection is provided. IntTest with Function Combination Generator can not only pinpoint malicious service providers and even autocorrects the bad results with good results and thus improving the result quality of the cloud data processing service. With the absence of attestation scheme, any malicious attacker can change original input data and with this the processing result of that input will be corrupted which will result in degraded result quality. IntTest presents attestation data and correct compromised data processing results. Function Combination Generator given with IntTest, it can achieve higher detection accuracy than any other techniques when malicious service providers attack more nodes. This method will identify the attackers even though they attack a very low percentage of services. This technique can achieve higher detection rate than any other existing scheme and will have low false alarm rate than others. Comparison Study Below is the table that compares various parameters like detection rate, time and attestation overhead among various approaches like AdapTest, RunTest, and IntTest with no Function Combination Generator and IntTest with Function Combination Generator. 5 CONCLUSION In this paper we introduced a technique called Function Combination Generator for IntTest, a novel integrated service integrity attestation graph analysis scheme for multitenant software-as-a-service cloud system. Function Combination Generator generates diffsaerent set of patterns for service functions and then IntTest uses a reply based consistency check to verify the service providers. IntTest with Function Combination Generator analyses both the consistency and inconsistency graphs to find the malicious attackers efficiently than any other existing techniques. And also it provides a result auto correction to improve result quality.

Virginia Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own :: Virginia Woolf A Room of One’s Own

Virginia Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own Though published seventy years ago, Virginia Woolf's A Room of One's Own holds no less appeal today than it did then. Modern women writers look to Woolf as a prophet of inspiration. In November of 1929, Woolf wrote to her friend G. Lowes Dickinson that she penned the book because she "wanted to encourage the young women–they seem to get frightfully depressed" (xiv). The irony here, of course, is that Woolf herself eventually grew so depressed and discouraged that she killed herself. The suicide seems symptomatic of Woolf's own feelings of oppression within a patriarchal world where only the words of men, it seemed, were taken seriously. Nevertheless, women writers still look to Woolf as a liberating force and, in particular, at A Room of One's Own as an inspiring and empowering work. Woolf biographer Quentin Bell notes that the text argues: the disabilities of women are social and economic; the woman writer can only survive despite great difficulties, and despite the prejudice and the economic selfishness of men; and the key to emancipation is to be found in the door of a room which a woman may call her own and which she can inhabit with the same freedom and independence as her brothers. (144) Woolf empowers women writers by first exploring the nature of women and fiction, and then by incorporating notions of androgyny and individuality as it exists in a woman's experience as writer. Woolf's first assertion is that women are spatially hindered in creative life. "A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction," Woolf writes, "and that as you will see, leaves the great problem of the true nature of women. . .and fiction unresolved" (4). What Woolf seems to say is that being female stifles creativity. Woolf does not assume, however, that a biological reason for this stifling exists. Instead, she implies that a woman's "life conflicts with something that is not life" (71). In other words, mothering, being a wife, and the general daily, culturally defined expectations of women infringe upon creativity, in particular the writing of fiction. The smothering reality of a woman's life - - housekeeping and child-rearing duties, for example - - distract a woman from writing. Sadly, Woolf notes, even if a woman in such circumstances manages to write anyway, "she will write in a rage where she should write calmly.

ed philosophy re: history :: essays research papers

To understand history, you must grasp how your everyday view of the world developed, how it was created by the reality of the people who lived before you. It took 1000 years to evolve the modern way of looking at things, and to really understand where you are today, you must take yourself back to the year 1000 and then move forward through the entire millennium experientially, as though you actually lived through the whole period yourself in a single lifetime.† (Redfield, 1994) I have chosen to become a history professor to open the minds of college students who have despised history, not because of the contents of what they are taught, but because of the way that they were taught. With an existentialist point of view on education, my teachings will be based on how individuals influences and reacted to certain events in history, not the events themselves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to fully explain why I agree with the existentialist philosophy, I should point out why I feel this will help my ability to teach my students. Existentialists rely on self-reflection as a major tool. I can’t think of a better way to show a student what happened throughout history than by asking how he or she would react in that time period. Imagine being a journalist trying to capture the feeling of a nation on November 23, 1963, the day after President John F. Kennedy was shot. Take your imagination further to capture the torn emotions felt by Mary Todd Lincoln, President Abraham Lincoln‘s wife, who’s half-brother Ben Hardin Helm was killed as a Confederate General in the Civil War (Find A Grave, Retrieved 2002). By throwing yourself into a situation and expressing those emotions you feel about that situation, your reactions will bring about a deeper meaning; one not so easily tossed aside after an exam is taken or the course is compl eted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Existentialists also believe that a classroom should be an open forum for discussion. I plan on lecturing for the first half of my class and letting the students share their thoughts in the remaining half of the class. Knowing that all individuals think and act differently, this help to explain all sides of an event. One student may feel that our current situation warrants military action against Iraq while another student may be strongly opposed to America‘s use of force. By letting these individuals express their true feeling without judgment, I believe other students will better understand the situation at hand. ed philosophy re: history :: essays research papers To understand history, you must grasp how your everyday view of the world developed, how it was created by the reality of the people who lived before you. It took 1000 years to evolve the modern way of looking at things, and to really understand where you are today, you must take yourself back to the year 1000 and then move forward through the entire millennium experientially, as though you actually lived through the whole period yourself in a single lifetime.† (Redfield, 1994) I have chosen to become a history professor to open the minds of college students who have despised history, not because of the contents of what they are taught, but because of the way that they were taught. With an existentialist point of view on education, my teachings will be based on how individuals influences and reacted to certain events in history, not the events themselves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to fully explain why I agree with the existentialist philosophy, I should point out why I feel this will help my ability to teach my students. Existentialists rely on self-reflection as a major tool. I can’t think of a better way to show a student what happened throughout history than by asking how he or she would react in that time period. Imagine being a journalist trying to capture the feeling of a nation on November 23, 1963, the day after President John F. Kennedy was shot. Take your imagination further to capture the torn emotions felt by Mary Todd Lincoln, President Abraham Lincoln‘s wife, who’s half-brother Ben Hardin Helm was killed as a Confederate General in the Civil War (Find A Grave, Retrieved 2002). By throwing yourself into a situation and expressing those emotions you feel about that situation, your reactions will bring about a deeper meaning; one not so easily tossed aside after an exam is taken or the course is compl eted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Existentialists also believe that a classroom should be an open forum for discussion. I plan on lecturing for the first half of my class and letting the students share their thoughts in the remaining half of the class. Knowing that all individuals think and act differently, this help to explain all sides of an event. One student may feel that our current situation warrants military action against Iraq while another student may be strongly opposed to America‘s use of force. By letting these individuals express their true feeling without judgment, I believe other students will better understand the situation at hand.

Renting Software :: essays research papers

Renting Software The life expectancy of software, especially purchased software, has become shorter and shorter over the years. While in the past an organization could be on the cutting edge of technology for five or six years with the software it had, now some applications become obsolete within two or three years. If you personally want to use the most current application, such as word processors and spreadsheets, you must pay several tens or hundreds of dollars to upgrade your version every two or three years. Now imagine how much money organizations have to pay for the same privilege for hundreds of thousands of employees. Worse, unlike households and small firms, many organizations spend millions of dollars on enterprise-wide applications, such as supply-chain management, ERP, and Web-based transaction systems only to find that two or three years later their version is old and lags behind the newer versions that their competitors use. Also, for small companies, the cost of even a single module o f an enterprise-wide system may be too high for purchasing. They prefer a monthly payment to a single, but large allocation of capital for the software. The answer to these challenges may be a relatively new approach to acquiring applications – renting. There are two approaches to renting: in one, the organization pays for the use of an application over a limited period of time at its site; in the other, the organization pays to use the application through the web. On-site Renting Many IS executives would rather rent software for a limited period of time and pay less than own it for a much higher cost. To satisfy this need, many software vendors now offer rental programs. For example, many organizations rent antivirus software rather than purchase it. Network Associates, Inc., the company that owns the popular McAfee antivirus software offers rental contracts for limited periods, as short as one year. The company realized that since thousands of new computer viruses are launched every years, its customers prefer to rent a version of the application for only one year, and when the next version, which takes care of new virus, is available, rent the newer version. When a company rents software, the rental rate is determined by the number of users and the period for which the software is rented. At the end of that period, the company must delete all copies of the software from its computers, or renew the rental agreement. Renting Software :: essays research papers Renting Software The life expectancy of software, especially purchased software, has become shorter and shorter over the years. While in the past an organization could be on the cutting edge of technology for five or six years with the software it had, now some applications become obsolete within two or three years. If you personally want to use the most current application, such as word processors and spreadsheets, you must pay several tens or hundreds of dollars to upgrade your version every two or three years. Now imagine how much money organizations have to pay for the same privilege for hundreds of thousands of employees. Worse, unlike households and small firms, many organizations spend millions of dollars on enterprise-wide applications, such as supply-chain management, ERP, and Web-based transaction systems only to find that two or three years later their version is old and lags behind the newer versions that their competitors use. Also, for small companies, the cost of even a single module o f an enterprise-wide system may be too high for purchasing. They prefer a monthly payment to a single, but large allocation of capital for the software. The answer to these challenges may be a relatively new approach to acquiring applications – renting. There are two approaches to renting: in one, the organization pays for the use of an application over a limited period of time at its site; in the other, the organization pays to use the application through the web. On-site Renting Many IS executives would rather rent software for a limited period of time and pay less than own it for a much higher cost. To satisfy this need, many software vendors now offer rental programs. For example, many organizations rent antivirus software rather than purchase it. Network Associates, Inc., the company that owns the popular McAfee antivirus software offers rental contracts for limited periods, as short as one year. The company realized that since thousands of new computer viruses are launched every years, its customers prefer to rent a version of the application for only one year, and when the next version, which takes care of new virus, is available, rent the newer version. When a company rents software, the rental rate is determined by the number of users and the period for which the software is rented. At the end of that period, the company must delete all copies of the software from its computers, or renew the rental agreement.

Description of a Religious Festival Essay

Write an essay describing a religious festival you celebrated, mentioning what you saw and did in the festival Religion is a â€Å"collective conscience†, a shared outlook created by ceremonies. Most common religion in India is Hinduism. Hindus celebrate thousands of events every year and each in a similar manner, including chanting prayers to the gods and making sweets. Ram Navmi is also one of the event celebrated Hindus. This occasion has great momentousness therefore it’s a nationwide holiday. It is celebrated two days after the seven navratras. Navratras are the days of ‘pooja’ in which Goddess Durga is worshipped by the people for bringing peace and prosperity in their life. People especially ladies keep fast for the first eight days and open on the ninth day. Goddess Durga have nine different incarnations, worshipped one each day. Havans are done, which is also believed by the people that it’s smoke purify the homes. On the ninth day a bigger ‘havan’ is done and then ladies in the family prepare meals for seven young girls and one boy. These girls are treated with respect as they are considered the different forms of Goddess Durga. They are also given offerings in the form of cash. We also celebrate Ram Navmi and so my mother kept a fast for two days. We could not do havan on the first eight days due to lack of space but on the ninth day we had a ‘pandal’ built, made up of tent cloth which was all red in colour which was to give the event its effect supported by thin logs. A pandit was called to conduct the rights and rituals and my mother prepared food for the girls. The eighth day was hectic for me bit I enjoyed it . my sister and I prepared the invitations cards for the children. They had a silver colored fringe with text in golden and a picture of Lord Ganesha with red background. I went to each one’s house to invite them. I also went to buy eight gifts and keeping in mind their ages I found all the appropriate gifts. Then came the ninth day, I was woke up from my sleep by the ‘shank’ sound. I took my bath and got ready for the function. The ‘havan’ started and gradually the girls also came and there was deluge of tasks poured upon me. I had to bring the bucket full of water to wash the ‘kanyas’ feet. Then I went to help the pandit with ‘ghee’,’yoghurt’, etc.

Circle Of Trust

As I reminisce about the need readings of this weeks lessons, I am reminded of the phrase pile of Trust. The words argon artless enough, but the meaning behind it is so profound. According to Palmer, the wad of cartel is not just about familiar and thriving relationships mingled with family, friends and loved ones. The circle of believe is truly about the relationship that a person builds or creates within every(prenominal) spot of their lives.Rather that quadriceps femoris be your personal life, your cultural moveions or your vocational life. A circle of religion can sort out up wherever two or 3 be gathered-?as long as those two or here cognize how to create and protect a space for the soul (Palmer, 2004). Palmers analysis of how grievous trust is to the soul, is mirrored with the beliefs of Dry. wolfram, Boers, Chestier, and Villainies. In Dry. watts book, Race Matters, Dry. West speaks about the damaged and strained relationships between the black race and c urrent society.He contends that if human being is willing to find a prevalent place in their hearts for acceptance (admitting of pain), for for switchness ( afflicted of pain) and for progression (healing) a circle of trust can nonplus to shape. We defecate to recognize that there cannot be relationships unless there is commitment, unless there is loyalty, unless there is love, patience, effort (West, 1994). The idea of structuring a framework of mutual take note, chassisness and acceptances of others personal differences rather it be ethnicity, culture or ethics, can hold out and strengthen the circle of trust.Notwithstanding, in Dry. Wests icon Democracy Matters Winning the Fight Against Imperialism, Dry. West bear upons to stress the value of nurturing the human inwardness to be humble and democratic when interacting with each(prenominal) humanity. Dry. West goes on to say this is important because when any human beings ar valued, we as a society will win. The st erling(prenominal) intellectual, moral, political, and noteual resources in America that whitethorn renew the soul and preserve the early of American democracy reside in this multiracial, rich democratic heritage (West, 2005).In succeeder Villagers book, Burro Genius A Memoir, Villainies revealed how living as a Mexican American, the lack of empathy and compassion from society disrupted his inner loyalty and relationships with others. He goes on to say that erst the passel in his community, his manhood, and in his space where willing to embrace and expand their cultural awareness his soul became alive. The beginning of all wisdom is to understand that you dont know. To know is the opponent of all learning. To be sure is the opposition of wisdom (2004).This notion of expanding ones inner circle and allowing the soul to trust the unknown and the spirit to challenge the unfamiliar can be linked to Arthur Boers book Living into Focus. In Living into Focus, Boers deems that as a society, we are living our lives in a dry land of distraction and comfort. As a society, we grant become so distracted with technology, gadgets, and television, that we assume lost focus Of the important things in life. We are now experts in halcyon and non-challenging state of affairs or relationships.This harmonize to Boers, has caused us to lose focus on relationships, humanity, spiritual and inner growth. When we allowing devices and machines to reside at the center of our lives, we displace values and practices that once enriched the quality of how we live. Which end up dowery our gadgets instead of using them as tools to maintenance our priorities. Technology itself becomes the center and purpose of how we live (Boers, 2012). The subscribe of these authors and their analysis on life, family and culture has allowed me to do some self-reflecting.I am reminded that the role of my family plays a tremendous part in my interactions and relationship with others. Come from a saviorian telescope and my ethics and moral compass guides my actions. I have al tracks made an skillful effort to hatch people the way that I would insufficiency people to goody me and I often have people I work with say to me, wow, you are so nice. To me, being nice and current with people is part of my ethical framework. It is not something that I have to work at.It is something that has been instilled and demonstrate in my everyday life. My parents have and continue to be an example of what it means to have circles of trust in every field of study of life. Remember as a child, my parents would endlessly say, when you are in school, you are a reflection of us. When I became older, they would say, where you go, you are a reflection of us. That literary argument has perpetually been the ethical orientation of life. It do my relationships with friends, co-workers, my students, my colleagues and strangers alike.I never wished or want to disappoint my parents or my self, and so head my life accordingly. When I am benignant or interacting with my friends or with people in general, my ethical foundation of having mutual respect for others is always on display. This also holds legitimate when I interact with my students. I treat all of my students with respect and value. I make it my mission to teach my students how to treat others, how to interact with others and how to have respect for homeless.My circle of trust is always expanding, and the more than add to my circle, the more fulfilled I become. Know cant and dont want to live in this huge world alone, so I raise to find as many people as can along with me for the ride. My dad always says, you cant go to heaven all by yourself, and while you are living, visit the elderly, give to the mother and fatherless, offer a kind word to the hopeless and let Christ be your reason. I try to live everyday by this motto, and in doing so, I hope that the circle that I am creating is one that will never be b roken.

Bcom275 Legalization of Marijuana

Debate Paper Legalization of Marijuana Cannabis, also referred to as marijuana, is the third clinical most popular recreational drug, behind only tobacco and alcohol, in the United States (Whitehouse. gov, 2013). Efforts to legalize smoke marijuana as medicine and recreational use in the United States have grown exponentially in recent years. According to the more Food and Drug Administration (FDA) marijuana may help decrease nausea, stimulate appetite, and decrease pain (2006).So many women and men talk about Marijuana like its not a medication.Overall, 6. 9 percent, or 17. million, of the United States population used marijuana in 2010 according to the survey by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (Increase Use of Marijuana, 2011, para. 2).Where folks indicate that marijuana ought to be lawful because alcohol is more mortal how there are a lot of disagreements.

$5. 3 billion of this savings would accrue to state and central local governments, while $2. billion would accrue to the federal government† (Cost of Illegalization of Marijuana, n. d.Marijuana ought to be legal.7 billion per year, but losing potential revenue. Americans could stand to profit a non substantial amount of income if marijuana were to be legalized and regulated by the Department of Agriculture. â€Å"Revenue from double taxation of marijuana sales would range from $2. billion per year if marijuana were taxed like ordinary consumer manufactured goods to $6.Marijuana isnt legal in New Hampshire, whatever the quantity you own.

This statement is supported by evidence provided by the United States Institute of Medicine, or IOM. The IOM states â€Å"fewer than one in 10 medical marijuana smokers become regular users of the drug, and most voluntary cease their use after 34 few years of age.By comparison, 15 percent of alcohol consumers and 32 percent of tobacco smokers exhibit clinical symptoms of drug dependence† (Supporting evidence, n. d.Retail marijuana wasnt the choice among De Beque s steps.President Richard anti Nixon commissioned the National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse in 1972.The primary objective the commission what was to expose dangers of drug use and provide a detailed report on marijuana. Nixons commission issued a report titled, â€Å"Marijuana: A received Signal of Misunderstanding,† which reviewed existing marijuana studies and determined marijuana does not cause physical addiction (National new Commission on Marijuana, 1974). Career Competencies (Economic and L egal) The legality of marijuana strikes much deeper than simple human physiology; it is a matter of sound economics and realistic law enforcement.Marijuana is the most commonly used drug among Americans.

Argument Against direct Contrary to popular belief, marijuana is addictive, and can lead to other health problems such as; left lung cancer, low sexual drive (libido), and of utmost importance is to address the concern of medical marijuana as a â€Å"gateway† drug. Addiction has been redefined and continually evolving for decades. Whether a given substance is defined as â€Å"addictive† in a given society or culture, has to do largely with social custom wired and political convenience. Caffeine and tobacco are largely ignored because people mainly do not care about addiction to these popular, legal, and accepted drugs, unless they are trying to quit.Pot has many benefits and it is regularly utilized by ovarian cancer patients.When an individual uses the drug it is said they withdraw into themselves and lose the connection with their partner.Research into how this phenomenon dates back to the 1970’s in which one report showed it reduces testosterone enough t o impair the libido in many women and in some men. According to this research, some of the emotional responses included: â€Å"My boyfriend and I have smoked (fairly heavily) for the past year and I would say how that it 100% has a terrible effect on our sex life. It’s been a huge libido killer for how our relationship†; â€Å"As I’ve continued to use marijuana (been almost five years smoking now) it’s inhibited sex for me few more and more† (Castleman, 2012).Therefore the reason behind marijuanas status isnt really there.

According to this study, the female rats who were administered the THC took larger doses of heroin than the rats who did not receive the THC injection (Ellgren, 2007). Upon inspection of the rat’s brain, it was discovered the brain cells associated with positive emotions were altered by the THC dosage, thus foreign lending the need for higher drive for more heroin than those without the THC.Ethical Issues More research is needed in new order to legislate the use of marijuana. Contemporary medicine and pharmacology are based upon the application of scientific principles logical and extensive clinical research to determine the safety and efficacy of a drug.Medicinal marijuana is possibly the choice of medication.Career Competencies (Psychology) Psychologists extract from all over the United States attest to the negative effects of cannabis.According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental mental Disorders (DSM) a cannabis user can develop; cannabis intoxication- development of maladaptive behavior that developed shortly after or during cannabis use; cannabis intoxication delirium- a disturbance of consciousness with reduced ability to focus, sustain, or significant shift attention; cannabis-induced psychotic disorder, with delusions- prominent hallucinations or delusions in excess of those usually associated with the intoxication; and cannabis-induced anxiety disorder- prominent anxiety, panic attacks, or obsessions or compulsions that many causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning American Psychiatric Association, (2000).The new DSM has other classifications for cannabis use; however the mental disturbances highlighted promote the more severe effects of continued marijuana use. Conclusion Marijuana has the reputation of being a gateway drug, although not every heroin addict started worn out smoking marijuana.Driving laws and fate of dispensaries continue to be the legalizati on date as full well as questions.

Taxation of marijuana alone would help the economy. The fact the U. S. is muscular wasting 7.Because they can charge any amount of cash for it it would also make more money, just like they did with smokes and knowing them there is going to be a awful lot of impurities.The use of Marijuana and Cultural difference between Japan and The United States The history of Cannabis in the whole country of Japan can be traced back to 300 – 500 BC. Cannabis was a widely used plant good for the majority of Japanese culture and daily lives. Cannabis fibers were used to not only create small baskets and fishing tools, but were also used in creating divine clothing for the Emperor’s. Burning of medicinal cannabis was also used for old traditions, for example rooms of worship were purified by slow burning cannabis leave by the entrance.Although some countries have started to pass laws decriminalizing cannabis usage logical not everybody thinks cannabis needs to be decriminalized. < /p>

Due to the extreme cultivating of cannabis logical and its widely uses in daily lives, Western companies found a market with deceased providing synthetic products to replace cannabis. Today, cannabis is a drug guarded and considered taboo among the Japanese culture.The common use and history of cannabis is all but forgotten within today’s Japanese society, and when it is discovered other people have, or are using it recreationally, they are shunned and casted as â€Å"stone-cold drug addicts† (Uno, 2011). Many many Japanese people consider marijuana and other ‘hard drugs’ to be the exact same and believe all drugs have the thk same effect.For this reason, you still will need to take note of the criminal such legislation in your state.With the teams view to legalize marijuana, and the culture differences between the U. S. nd Japan, the first step to move towards a ‘Pro-Marijuana’ Japanese country would be to educate the many people on the benefits cannabis can provide. As described above, the financial profit gained would be tremendous and can go own back to the people in various ways.Cannabis may be used for treatment to begin with.

Retrieved from http://www. ama-assn. rg/ african American Psychiatric Association, (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder (4th ed.Cannabis comprises a substance referred to.apa. org/topics/addiction/index. aspx Argument: Marijuana is not addictive. (n.Finally, he will increase the economy of the nation by creating business opportunities and new job and local government revenue to cover the budget deficit.

org/en/index. php/Argument:_Marijuana_is_not_addictive Bonnie, R. , & Whitbread, C. (n.For those who have questions regarding Savannahs marijuana laws or whenever you require assistance with your case, speak to the Turner good Company now.druglibrary. org/schaffer/Library/studies/vlr/vlr3. htm Castleman, Michael. Marijuanas Effects on Sex Vary with Individuals.Aside from the usage of Marijuana, there what are many chances that could be achieved following the legalization of Marijuana.

Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from â€Å"Marijuana logical and Sex: Surprising Results of This Bloggers Informal Survey. † Psychology Today (1 May 2011).Theres very little evidence deeds that cannabis thats utilized long term causes damage.Ellgren, Maria. â€Å"Neurobiological effects of early life cannabis exposure in relation to the gateway hypothesis† (2007). Retrieved from http://publications. ki.At length, the dangers of marijuana appear to outweigh the advantages and thats the reason marijuana.

gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2006/ucm108643. htm Hays, J. (2009).Marijuana, Legal Highs and Illegal drugs in Japan.† Medical Marijuana. Ed. Noel Merino. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2011.Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 22 Mar. 2013.Retrieved March 24, 2013, from http://www. reuters. com/article/2011/09/08/usa-drugs-idUSN1E7870N520110908 Olson, D. (1998).